Sunday, January 27, 2008

What Are Your Priorities?





How would you prioritize issues facing this country as we move through our political process in selecting nominees for the Presidency of the United States? This is my list which could be altered, added to, subtracted from, and even ignored depending on what you believe is the legitimate and appropriate role of government in a society such as ours.

Iraq War Central Issue in 2008

Immigration and Guest Worker Programs

Racial/Social Divide in 2008

American Companies Outsourcing Jobs

The Role of Religion in a Multicultural Society

Stem Cell Research

Fiscal Responsibility and the Size of Government

Taxes: Who Should Pay and Why

Partisanship and Issues

The Gender Gap in Presidential Nominations

Abortion and Anti-Abortion Politics

These issues have become confused and clouded over the last seven years since we have had a President and an Administration that has rejected the fundamental principle of Constitutional Law and Individual Rights in their pursuit and acquisition of power on a scale unseen in our history. I believe that change as well as experience are important qualities to look for in a presidential nominee, but they are not exclusive qualifications to reject someone as a possible nominee.



I have two role models when it comes to political theory. They are John Locke and Thomas Jefferson. John Locke in his Two Treatises of Government stated that Man in his original state was happy and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. In order to protect these rights, Man entered into a social contract to create government, and grant limited power. If government which was part of the contract failed to protect these natural rights or exceeded its authority, Man has the right to alter or change it. Thus John Locke became the intellectual justification for the Glorious Revolution. The American Declaration of Independence was written chiefly by Thomas Jefferson reflecting his thinking based on John Locke in a slightly altered form. Jefferson said that all men are created equal" and "are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Jefferson said to secure these rights that governments are instituted among men, "deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed". He further said that "Whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government. However, "government long established should not be changed for light and transient causes." These men articulated what has become known as the Contract Theory of Government which in recent years, I believe, we have lost as a reality in our own government. Let me put it more simply. Both men believed that government existed with one sole role and that was to serve the people by guaranteeing and protecting their natural rights.






John Locke





Thomas Jefferson



Barack Obama won a significant victory yesterday in the South Carolina Democratic Primary. It is becoming more evident every day that either Barack Obama or Hilary Clinton will eventually become the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2008 Election. Yet, this divisive rhetoric that has emerged over race and gender that is underscored by political confrontation and not issue focused debate is harmful to everyone who desires to see a new direction for this nation. I also believe that this divisiveness is being fueled by the news media in their constant need to create some kind of controversy that can leave the public misinformed over critical issues of the day.




We are faced with many problems in this country of which most, I believe, can find their origin in this ill conceived and unjustified war in Iraq. If it becomes a victory for Al Qaeda, the responsibility lays with our current president who fought the wrong war in the wrong place. It cannot and should not be used to justify a continued US military presence in Iraq. This has become a partisan issue when the Republican leadership simply ignores the fact that fifty nine percent of the American People believe that the War in Iraq "Was Not Worth It".




Senex Magister




It is now time to bring this war to an end and live as brothers in a world based on fairness for all of us.










Dissent is the highest form of Patriotism. ~Thomas Jefferson~




Bring Them Home




Wednesday, January 16, 2008

Masters of Rome





The First Man in Rome is the first historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.



The novel includes most of the major historical figures of the late Roman Republic, including: Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, as well as Gaius Julius Caesar (grandfather of Julius Caesar), Julia, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Publius Rutilius Rufus and Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.



The main plot of the novel is generally concerned with the rise of Marius, his marriage to Julia, his success in replacing Metellus as general in charge of the Numidian theatre of war, his defeat of King Jugurtha of Numidia, his re-organization of the Roman Army system, his unprecedented consecutive consulships, his defeat of a massive invasion of German tribes (the Teutones, the Cimbri and the Marcomanni/Cherusci/Tigurini), and the details of his relationship with his subordinate and close friend Sulla.



However, though Marius can be considered the main protagonist, Sulla occasionally becomes the central figure of the narrative; there are several lengthy sections dealing with his plot to murder the two wealthy women with whom he lives, his use of the newfound wealth in establishing himself politically, his homosexual relationship with the Greek child-actor Metrobius, and his marriage to the (fictional) younger daughter of 'Julius Caesar Grandfather', Julilla.



The novel closes with the rise and fall of the demagogue Saturninus. After fighting many battles together, there is some reason for Marius and Sulla to hope that Rome will be at peace.








The Grass Crown is the second historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.



The novel opens shortly after the action of The First Man in Rome. Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla eat dinner together with their wives, and discuss the threat presented by Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia.



Though these two powerful Eastern rulers would eventually declare war on Rome, and slaughter thousands of Roman citizens, the plot of the novel centres on the Social War of 91 to 88 BC, a civil war which Rome fought against its mutinous Italian Allies after they were refused full Roman citizenship. (The lengthy section dealing with Marcus Livius Drusus' attempt to secure them the citizenship, which ends in his tragic assassination, is one of the main turning points in the entire series.)



Marius and Sulla, still friends and professional colleagues, face the Italian threat together, and succeed in putting down the rebellion of the Italians. During this struggle, Sulla, rallying his troops against certain destruction near Nola, is hailed as 'imperator' on the field of battle and presented with the highest honour a Roman general can receive: the corona graminea, the eponymous 'Grass Crown'. This was only awarded a very few times during the Republic, and only ever to a general or commander who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army or otherwise saved an entire legion or army from annihilation.



However, once Rome has settled this pressing domestic matter, and can begin to plot revenge against Mithridates and Tigranes, Marius and Sulla have their first serious falling out over the question of who should lead the legions East. Marius, now an aged statesman dubbed the 'Third Founder of Rome', is pining for further glory and believes only he has the talent necessary to defeat the allied Kings. Sulla, of course, feels as though his old mentor is unwilling to step aside and wants to destroy his chance of ever outshining him. The seeds of serious discord are planted.



The commission quickly becomes a source of political conflict between the two men, and leads to Sulla's first shocking march on Rome. It also leads Gaius Marius to pursue an unheard of seventh consulship, which he wins and undertakes after suffering a series of strokes, and perhaps going mad.



Other narrative threads of note: the childhood of Julius Caesar and Cato the Younger, as well as the early military careers of Pompey and Cicero (who was appointed to Pompeius Strabo as a cadet) in the Social War.







Fortune's Favorites is the third historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.



The novel opens with Lucius Cornelius Sulla's return from the East, his rise to the Dictatorship, and his proscriptions against those who formed an antagonistic government under Marius (now dead) while he was away.



While Sulla's shadow covers the majority of the rest of the book -- his physical deformity, after his pale skin is all but destroyed by intense sun exposure, is always contrasted with his near-absolute political power -- after his willing resignation of power, retirement to a pleasure villa and dramatic death, three young men of the next generation begin to vie to become the Masters of Rome in their own right: Pompey the Great's youthful campaigns and his fierce battle against the Roman renegade Quintus Sertorius are narrated, as are Marcus Licinius Crassus' struggle against Spartacus, and the youthful adventures of Julius Caesar.



The novel culminates with halcyon year of Pompey and Crassus' first joint consulship.



The book's title is a reference to an often repeated theme in the series, and expresses the Roman belief that Fortuna, the Goddess of Luck, would take a hand in the lives of those who please her, helping them along when they most needed it.







Caesar's Women is the fourth historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series, published on 21 March 1996.



The novel is set during a ten-year interval, from 68-58 BC, which Julius Caesar spent mainly in Rome, climbing the political ladder and outmaneuvering his many enemies. It opens with Caesar returning early from his quaestorship in Spain, and closes with his epochal departure for the Gallic campaigns.



Some of the pivotal moments include: Caesar's marriage to Pompeia; his curule aedileship; his narrow election as Pontifex Maximus in 63 BC; his praetorship in 62 BC; his divorce from Pompeia; his governorship of Further Spain; the first time he was hailed imperator on the field by his troops (for which success he could have secured a triumphal parade, but was blocked from doing so by Marcus Porcius Cato); the creation of the First Triumvirate, which Caesar formed with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in 60 BC; his betrothal of his daughter Julia to Pompey; his marriage to Calpurnia; and his first consulship, in 59 BC.



Despite the title, very little of the action has to do with the women in Caesar's life. Certainly, his divorce and re-marriage come into play, as does his daughter's marriage, his lengthy affair with Servilia and his close relationship with his mother, Aurelia. However, most of the plot is concerned with the political struggles of Caesar's rise to power, his conflict with the conservative 'boni' faction, and his election to each post on the Roman ladder of government.







Caesar is the fifth historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.



The novel opens in 54 BC, with Caesar in the middle of his epochal Gallic campaigns, having just invaded Britannia. The first half of the novel deals broadly with the conclusion of his conquests in Gaul, and the second half narrates the growing sense of unease in Rome concerning Caesar's intentions, the antagonism of the conservative 'boni' faction towards him, his crossing of the Rubicon, his invasion of Italy and his victory in the Civil War.



Some of the pivotal moments include: Caesar's return from Britannia; his narrow escape during the battle of Gergovia; his great victory at Alesia, which involved the complete circumvallation of the citadel, the repulse of a relief force, and the acceptance of the surrender of Vercingetorix; his final destruction of the Gallic resistance at Uxellodunum; the death of Julia and Marcus Licinius Crassus; his falling out with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and the final collapse of the First Triumvirate system; his failed negotiations concerning his re-election as consul; the opening of the Civil War; the Battle of Dyrrhachium and the Battle of Pharsalus; the flight of Pompey to Ptolemaic Egypt and his assassination there; and the scattering of the 'boni' leadership.



When the book ends, Caesar has become the undisputed ruler of the Roman World, and he is facing the temptation of kingship.







The October Horse is the sixth novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.



The October Horse begins with Gaius Julius Caesar's Egyptian campaign in Alexandria, his final battles with the Republicans led by Metellus Scipio, Cato the Younger, Titus Labienus and the Brothers Pompeius in Africa and Spain, and ultimately Caesar's assassination on the Ides Of March by Marcus Brutus, Gaius Cassius and the Liberators. The latter stages of The October Horse chronicles the death of Cicero, the emergence of Octavian and his battles with Mark Anthony then concluding with the Battle of Phillipi.



Explanation of the novel's title



The title of the book, The October Horse comes from the chariot race in Rome on the Ides of October, where the right-hand horse of the winning team was sacrificed to the Roman gods, before two teams, one each from The Subura and The Via Sacra competed for the Horse's head. Julius Caesar, literally the best war horse in Rome, represents The October Horse in this novel.







Antony and Cleopatra is the seventh and final novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.



It has just been released in December 2007 just in time for holiday shopping.



Review



"A sprawling, captivating saga.... The tragic denouement is, in McCullough's capable hands, no less compelling for being so well known. As with the previous volumes in the series, the author's scholarship and larger-than-life characters bring a tempestuous Rome to life."



-- Publishers Weekly



Each book is a wonderful read as well as being excellent historical novels. You will actually learn some real Roman History unlike the questionable presentation in HBO's Rome.






Senex Magister

Friday, January 11, 2008

This and That and a Little of Me





Ante Diem III IDVS IANVARIAS

MMDCCLXI AUC

(11 January 2008)



Nefastus Publicus: a day for public religious festivals



Carmentalia






A.D. III Idus Ianuarias et a.d. XVIII Kalendas Februarias (January 11 and 15): The Carmentalia is a two day festival in honor of Carmentis, a Goddess of childbirth and Prophecy. Into her shrine, it is unlawful to bear leather, for it reminds death and the slaughter of animals (Ovidius, "Fasti", 1.628ss). The prayers offered to her invoke the mysterious Carmentes (Goddesses Porrima and Postverta) who preside over the birth. Porrima presides the birth when the baby's head comes first. Postversa presides the birth when the feet of the baby come first (Aulus Gellus, "Attic Nights", 16.16.4). Some interpret those Goddesses as presiding destiny, one presiding over the past and the other over the future, being thus associated with Ianus to whom the month of Ianuariae is sacred (Ovidius, "Fasti", 1.65; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.7.20).



Today, the Flamen Carmentalis, assisted by the Pontifices, offers sacrifice at the shrine of Carmenta, which stays next to the Porta Carmentalis near
the Capitol. The two days of the Carmentalia are separated by an impair number of days (the second day is on January 15), which is especially pleasing to the Gods.



Iuturnae



A.D. III Idus Ianuarias (January 11): Festival of Iuturna, Goddess of fountains and prophetic waters. Arnobius says that she is the spouse of Fontus (Arnobius, "Adversus Nationes", 3.29). Today, those charged with the adduction of waters celebrate the anniversary of her temple; at the place where the Aqua Virgo (Virgin Water) aqueduct stands at the Campus Martius (the Aqua Virgo was built by Agrippa in 19 BC).



Dies Veneris





Venus



Mensis Ianuariae





Named after Janus, the god of beginnings, January followed the winter solstice, after which the days began to lengthen. It was a time of relative ease for the farmer, with the respite from the labors of the field that began in December continuing into January.





Peter Paul Rubens, Temple of Janus






Juvenal




I borrowed the following from Bob Patrick's Latin Proverbs.

Dum bibimus, dum serta, unguenta, puellas poscimus, obrepit non intellecta senectus.

While we are drinking and demanding garlands, oil and girls, old age sneaks up on us unknown to us.

Juvenal, Satires, 9:128-9

Another way of putting this might be as a statement: When we wake up one morning and discover that old age has definitely arrived (however one determines that) what do we want to look back over our shoulders and see?

The best answer to that (only fools try to answer this question for others-so call me a fool) may be that we are utterly unattached to the past, and that we are fully at peace to have arrived at old age.

It still leaves ME asking for myself: am I living today in a way that I can let today go when today is over, and not regret it tomorrow? If so, old age, when it arrives (I'm sure that aging is happening, but not ready to call myself "in" old age) will be just like another day.

That would be nice.

Bob



Regret, I feel, is a wasted state of mind but it is an emotion that sadly is far too easy to become its victim. I disagree with the idea that 'we are utterly unattached to the past' because I do believe that life is a process through which many factors and experiences have had an impact upon whom we are today. I am not a sociologist or a psychologist but I do know that certain events and individuals have influenced the direction of my life. I came from a family that taught me that the greatest good which one can experience occurs in service for others. I had a professor in college who became both mentor and friend to me, and he opened my mind to a world of words and language and people and the diversity of their cultures. He taught me the joy and learning that can be derived from studying Latin Literature. This man was largely responsible for what became the reality of my adult life which was teaching Latin for twenty six years in a Virginia high school. The murders of John Kennedy, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert Kennedy in my adolescent youth as well as the Vietnam War and President Bush's War in Iraq have had a profound impact upon my World View and the role the US should play in it. One of the most defining moments in my life came in the summer of 2000 when I was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis at the age of fifty one. I think I live a life more of Thanksgiving than of Regret. It is difficult though to let loose of that anger when chronic illness takes away your ability of being a self sufficient and independent person.



I have two poems that I have posted before but I think they are still important and I hope you take the time to read them and consider the emotion that brought them into being.

Forgotten Yesterdays



A yesterday can never be forgotten though
it maybe shrouded in the mist of time and space.
Memories are spiritual dreams that can speak
to us a reality that no veil can conceal from our mind.

Yesterday I met a friend in class and who would ever know that
forty two years and beyond we still knew what a friend really means.
Riding bikes, Chevrolets, Movies and Drive - In cruising we shared.
Innocence born of ignorance haunted us then and it can still delude the mind.

Yesterday I kissed the sweetest lips and realized that my innocence
had come to lift me into a realm that I never knew or believed could be.
Where was the oracle to enlighten my psyche of everything to come and
to prepare me for the joys as well as the heart aches to come.

Yesterday my mother told me not to play with guns because whether
it may be a toy or something more lethal - it will only leave the image of death.
Then Uncle Sam came and told Joey down the street it was time to
answer freedom's call while I studied Latin in the hallowed halls of academia.

Yesterday my mother called to say that Joey died in place called Khe Sanh.
I wept for a friend not just for his death but a government that allowed
him to die and me to live. Where is the nobility when such injustice reigns?
Still to this day I look for answers when the old send the young to die.

Yesterday I was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis and looked into my
wife's eyes and asked her to explain why me and why now.

She had no answers because there are none but she told me to remember that I
will have many tomorrows where others only have yesterdays from a past that is no more.

© Senex Magister




It Is Hard For Me To Think

It is hard for me to think
Without the thought of another.
It is hard for me to see
Without her eyes to guide.
It is hard for me to feel
Without the tenderness of her touch.
It is hard for me to believe
Without the consciousness of her heart.

When I was young and whole,
She taught me how to smile and laugh.
When my hand moved where they shouldn't be,
She smiled with a gleam that brings sweetness to one's heart.
When I asked her to speak and tell me the truth,
She opened my heart to something new.
When I was alone and knew not what to do,
She came into my heart and filled it with joy.

I live a life now that is broken in body, but
Her love is pure and clean.
I know of sorrow and grief of what can not be, but
Her breath and smell brings hope to one's soul.
I cry and complain with a heart so torn, but
Her presence show me God's grace and love.
I moan and sigh with the pleasure of youth because
Her beauty and softness keeps me whole.

Who do I speak of when my dreams do not know?
She is the spirit that gives life and love.
Who do I speak of when I can not see or hear?
She is my friend who holds me close and dear.
Who do I speak of when I am sick and hurt?
She is my soul mate who cares for me and keeps me sane.
Who do I speak of when I feel lost to the world?
She is my wife whose selflessness has always shown me the way.

©Senex Magister



It is now time to bring this war to an end and live as brothers in a world based on fairness for all of us.










Dissent is the highest form of Patriotism. ~Thomas Jefferson~




Bring Them Home




Thursday, January 10, 2008

Wicked is the man who knows how to receive a benefit and does not know how to give one.





Ante Diem IV IDUS IANVARIAS

MMDCCLXI AUC

(10 January 2008)



Dies Comitialis: citizens may vote on this day



Dies Iovis





Iuppiter





Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini



Improbus est homo qui beneficium scit accipere et redere nescit.



Wicked is the man who knows how to receive a benefit and does not know how to give one.






Plautus



Persa



Beneficium can also be translated as kindness or favor which I think is probably even more appropriate if we wish to dwell, contemplate, think, consider or whatever activity occurs in your mind concerning the manifestation of wickedness in the world. We as a culture especially within what is considered the 'Developed West' has never lacked images of the wickedness that man has the capacity to inflict upon himself. Shouldn't we as a culturally enlightened people be a light and watchtower to what it means to conduct ourselves as responsible citizens of the world? We have the ability to transcend the wicked man and become an example at home and in the international community of the benefit that will always be derived from providing kindness and favor to our neighbors. To say that a preemptive attack is the right and just action of a responsible government is to deny what this country has endeavored to become since its very inception.





The Miserable World of Prometheus

by Mark Weinstein






Just consider what these men were ultimately responsible for bringing upon the world stage. Is a child born an extremist or a revolutionary? What was it that allowed such attitudes and feelings to grow and flourish? How would our government today look upon the 'Sons of Liberty'? I would suspect that a group such as it was would probably fit the present definition of a terrorist organization.



Sons of Liberty: Patriots or Terrorists?





British View of the Sons of Liberty



Sons of Liberty - Wikipedia?






Samuel Adams Founder of the Sons of Liberty



Samuel Adams - Wikipedia




The United States today finds itself embroiled in what many believe will ultimately end in an Iraqi Civil War. I would find it much more reassuring if I could believe that our presence in Iraq was to preserve the Iraqi's right of self determination. There has been successful movement against insurgents groups recently, but do we see same kind of movement and success at a political settlement that could result in a unified country for all Iraqis. I am skeptical whether this goal is achievable without some form of partition. Yet, there is a larger question that needs to be settled before there can be meaningful peace throughout the Middle East. The Palestinian Question which some would say was created by the Partition of Palestine in 1948 by the United Nations has gone unanswered for sixty years. I have very little faith that George W. Bush and Condoleezza Rice will be successful where so many others have failed. We are told over and over again that US support of the only viable democracy in the Middle East is critical to our national security. There is one difficulty with this partisan support when a Moslem resident of Israel cannot become a citizen because of his or her religion. However I want to take a look at two groups who played a vital role in the creation of the state of Israel. The Irgun or Etzel and the Haganah and I ask you where to we make the distinction between freedom fighter and terrorist.



Haganah - History of the Israeli Underground Group






Welcome To The Irgun Site





Irgun Emblem: The map shows the land claimed by the organization for the Jewish state, which corresponds to current Israel, West Bank, Gaza strip and Jordan.



I support Israel's right to exist and I believe US support should continue. I question whether that support should be unconditional or not. The real shame, however, is this whole issue has as its bedrock Anti Semitism. The British and the United States did not want a flood of Jewish immigration at the end of World War II. I can still remember in the 1950's and the early 1960's when we still had restricted neighborhoods where Jewish and African Americans could not buy a home.



Images of a time that most of us don't remember and what they depict may or may not have been necessary. It is for each individual to make their own choice or decision.



The Battle of Gettysburg






The Battle of Verdun






Pearl Harbor






USS West Virginia took two aerial bombs (one dud) and seven torpedo hits; of the seven at least five were from aircraft and one from a midget submarine.



El Alamein






The Battle of Berlin






German Concentration Camps






Japanese Prisoners of War






Hiroshima








Just War Principles



A just war can only be waged as a last resort. All non-violent options must be exhausted before the use of force can be justified.

A war is just only if it is waged by a legitimate authority. Even just causes cannot be served by actions taken by individuals or groups who do not constitute an authority sanctioned by whatever the society and outsiders to the society deem legitimate.



A just war can only be fought to redress a wrong suffered. For example, self-defense against an armed attack is always considered to be a just cause (although the justice of the cause is not sufficient--see point #4). Further, a just war can only be fought with "right" intentions: the only permissible objective of a just war is to redress the injury.



A war can only be just if it is fought with a reasonable chance of success. Deaths and injury incurred in a hopeless cause are not morally justifiable.



The ultimate goal of a just war is to re-establish peace. More specifically, the peace established after the war must be preferable to the peace that would have prevailed if the war had not been fought.



The violence used in the war must be proportional to the injury suffered. States are prohibited from using force not necessary to attain the limited objective of addressing the injury suffered.



The weapons used in war must discriminate between combatants and non-combatants. Civilians are never permissible targets of war, and every effort must be taken to avoid killing civilians. The deaths of civilians are justified only if they are unavoidable victims of a deliberate attack on a military target.




What we are cannot be relative to the times in which we live. War is destructive by its own definition and I do not see how in this century that there can be any moral or ethical justification for war.




Senex Magister




It is now time to bring this war to an end and live as brothers in a world based on fairness for all of us.










Dissent is the highest form of Patriotism. ~Thomas Jefferson~




Bring Them Home




Saturday, January 5, 2008

Partisan Politics





Nonae IANVARIAE

MMDCCLXI AUC

(5 January 2008)



Dies Fastus: legal action permitted







Today is the Anniversary (dies natalis) of the shrine of Vica Pota on the Velia, near the family house of the Valerii in early times. Vica Pota is an old Roman goddess, whose name is thought to be derived from vincere (to conquer) and potiri (to get possession of); she is therefore identified with Victoria, who later overshadowed the older deity.





Dies Saturni





Saturnus



The Roman Republic which was held in such high esteem by our Founding Fathers was a flawed system of partisan politics from its very inception. It was never intended to be an egalitarian democracy but a government that existed to benefit the landed aristocracy of its day. I would even go so far as saying that was the original intent by many of the framers of the US Constitution. Possibly Madison or Jefferson realized what a fluid document the US Constitution would become with its underlying strength of being able to correct itself. There are many issues that we can disagree about in our partisan political life in America, but the one unifying thread throughout our history that has enabled this country to become the symbol of individual freedom and liberty to the rest of the world has been the US Constitution.



The Roman Republic that lasted from 509 BCE until 27 CE when the Roman Senate granted Octavian the titles of Princeps and Augustus making him the proconsul of all provinces, the commander of all armies with the right to declare war and make peace, and he was also given the Tribunes right to propose and veto laws. The tribunate had originally been created to protect the political rights of plebeians against the oppression of patricians. Rome had gone full circle from liberating itself from despotism to accepting the principle that the only way peace and security could be maintained was by surrendering its constitutional individual liberty to the arbitrary power of the government. The central role of the military and the men who controlled it must not be overlooked in how this process unfolded.



There are several web sites that you might find informative if you want to take a closer look at what happened to the Roman Republic.



Political Institutions of the Roman Republic



Domestic Politics in the Late Republic

Be sure to follow links to subsequent pages.



The Emergence of the Augustan Age



I have studied and taught about the Ancient Romans almost my entire adult life, and I have to admit that there is for me a certain fascination about these people who brought the Mediterranean World under their dominion. The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum meaning Our Sea which gives you some insight into their view of the world. They attempted to extend their political and economic influence into areas of the world that could only be maintained by military force. They imported more than they exported. There was an over reliance on a slave work force that created what became unmanageable high unemployment. The problem was that cheap labor was too attractive to those who controlled the economic life a Rome. I would even go so far as saying that it looks to me very much like an Ancient Form of a guest labor work force. The Romans answer to unemployment was Panis et Circus. Give them bread and the circus where the government feeds and entertains the mass of the unemployed which also carries a serious cost to any society.



It is early Saturday morning and I am reading about presidential politics and the Election of 2008 when I should probably be in bed asleep. It is our world today and the politics that are impossible to escape that started me thinking about the Ancient Romans and if we are not careful how close we may come to following in their footsteps.



I have yet to hear the kind of articulation that we need concerning the restoration of the US Constitution and the repeal of the Patriot Act. What politician is talking about Military Tribunals and the potential danger they pose to every citizen's right to due process. If due process can be ignored in one instance and enhanced interrogation (torture) can be excused as necessary in another, how long is it going to be until we surrender our individual constitutional rights to the arbitrary power of the government? We hear a lot about 'Change' these days but who is willing to speak in specifics. I am less concerned with experience than I am with someone who will speak honestly and forthrightly about the restoration of American Democracy.




Senex Magister




It is past time to bring this war to an end and live as brothers in a world based on fairness for all of us.










Dissent is the highest form of Patriotism. ~Thomas Jefferson~




Bring Them Home